/*
    This file is part of Mitsuba, a physically based rendering system.

    Copyright (c) 2007-2012 by Wenzel Jakob and others.

    Mitsuba is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 3
    as published by the Free Software Foundation.

    Mitsuba is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/

#include <mitsuba/render/shape.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/bsdf.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/subsurface.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/emitter.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/sensor.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/medium.h>
#include <mitsuba/render/trimesh.h>
#include <mitsuba/core/properties.h>

MTS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

/*!\plugin{cylinder}{Cylinder intersection primitive}
 * \order{2}
 * \parameters{
 *     \parameter{p0}{\Point}{
 *	     Object-space starting point of the cylinder's centerline \default{(0, 0, 0)}
 *	   }
 *     \parameter{p1}{\Point}{
 *	     Object-space endpoint of the cylinder's centerline \default{(0, 0, 1)}
 *	   }
 *     \parameter{radius}{\Float}{
 *	     Radius of the cylinder in object-space units \default{1}
 *	   }
 *     \parameter{flipNormals}{\Boolean}{
 *	      Is the cylinder inverted, i.e. should the normal vectors
 *		  be flipped? \default{\code{false}, i.e. the normals point outside}
 *	   }
 *     \parameter{toWorld}{\Transform\Or\Animation}{
 *	      Specifies an optional linear object-to-world transformation.
 *        Note that non-uniform scales are not permitted!
 *        \default{none (i.e. object space $=$ world space)}
 *     }
 * }
 * \renderings{
 *     \rendering{Cylinder with the default one-sided shading}
 *         {shape_cylinder_onesided}
 *     \rendering{Cylinder with two-sided shading, see \lstref{cylinder-twosided}}
 *         {shape_cylinder_twosided}
 * }
 * This shape plugin describes a simple cylinder intersection primitive.
 * It should always be preferred over approximations modeled using
 * triangles. Note that the cylinder does not have endcaps -- also,
 * it's interior has inward-facing normals, which most scattering
 * models in Mitsuba will treat as fully absorbing. If this is not
 * desirable, consider using the \pluginref{twosided} plugin.
 *
 * \begin{xml}[caption={A simple example for instantiating a
 * cylinder, whose interior is visible}, label=lst:cylinder-twosided]
 * <shape type="cylinder">
 *     <float name="radius" value="0.3"/>
 *     <bsdf type="twosided">
 *         <bsdf type="diffuse"/>
 *     </bsdf>
 * </shape>
 * \end{xml}
 */
class Cylinder : public Shape {
private:
	Transform m_objectToWorld;
	Transform m_worldToObject;
	Float m_radius, m_length, m_invSurfaceArea;
	bool m_flipNormals;
public:
	Cylinder(const Properties &props) : Shape(props) {
		Float radius = props.getFloat("radius", 1.0f);
		Point p1 = props.getPoint("p0", Point(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		Point p2 = props.getPoint("p1", Point(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		Vector d = p2 - p1;
		Float length = d.length();
		m_objectToWorld =
			Transform::translate(Vector(p1)) *
			Transform::fromFrame(Frame(d / length)) *
			Transform::scale(Vector(radius, radius, length));

		if (props.hasProperty("toWorld"))
			m_objectToWorld = props.getTransform("toWorld") * m_objectToWorld;

		/// Are the cylinder normals pointing inwards? default: no
		m_flipNormals = props.getBoolean("flipNormals", false);

		// Remove the scale from the object-to-world transform
		m_radius = m_objectToWorld(Vector(1,0,0)).length();
		m_length = m_objectToWorld(Vector(0,0,1)).length();
		m_objectToWorld = m_objectToWorld * Transform::scale(
			Vector(1/m_radius, 1/m_radius, 1/m_length));

		m_worldToObject = m_objectToWorld.inverse();
		m_invSurfaceArea = 1/(2*M_PI*m_radius*m_length);
		Assert(m_length > 0 && m_radius > 0);
	}

	Cylinder(Stream *stream, InstanceManager *manager)
		: Shape(stream, manager) {
		m_objectToWorld = Transform(stream);
		m_radius = stream->readFloat();
		m_length = stream->readFloat();
		m_flipNormals = stream->readBool();
		m_worldToObject = m_objectToWorld.inverse();
		m_invSurfaceArea = 1/(2*M_PI*m_radius*m_length);
	}

	void serialize(Stream *stream, InstanceManager *manager) const {
		Shape::serialize(stream, manager);
		m_objectToWorld.serialize(stream);
		stream->writeFloat(m_radius);
		stream->writeFloat(m_length);
		stream->writeBool(m_flipNormals);
	}

	bool rayIntersect(const Ray &_ray, Float mint, Float maxt, Float &t, void *temp) const {
		Ray ray;

		/* Transform into the local coordinate system and normalize */
		m_worldToObject(_ray, ray);

		const Float
			ox = ray.o.x,
			oy = ray.o.y,
			dx = ray.d.x,
			dy = ray.d.y;

		const Float A = dx*dx + dy*dy;
		const Float B = 2 * (dx*ox + dy*oy);
		const Float C = ox*ox + oy*oy - m_radius*m_radius;

		Float nearT, farT;
		if (!solveQuadratic(A, B, C, nearT, farT))
			return false;

		if (!(nearT <= maxt && farT >= mint)) /* NaN-aware conditionals */
			return false;

		const Float zPosNear = ray.o.z + ray.d.z * nearT;
		const Float zPosFar = ray.o.z + ray.d.z * farT;

		if (zPosNear >= 0 && zPosNear <= m_length && nearT >= mint) {
			t = nearT;
		} else if (zPosFar >= 0 && zPosFar <= m_length) {
			if (farT > maxt)
				return false;
			t = farT;
		} else {
			return false;
		}

		return true;
	}

	bool rayIntersect(const Ray &_ray, Float mint, Float maxt) const {
		Ray ray;

		/* Transform into the local coordinate system and normalize */
		m_worldToObject(_ray, ray);

		const Float
			ox = ray.o.x,
			oy = ray.o.y,
			dx = ray.d.x,
			dy = ray.d.y;

		const Float A = dx*dx + dy*dy;
		const Float B = 2 * (dx*ox + dy*oy);
		const Float C = ox*ox + oy*oy - m_radius*m_radius;

		Float nearT, farT;
		if (!solveQuadratic(A, B, C, nearT, farT))
			return false;

		if (nearT > maxt || farT < mint)
			return false;

		const Float zPosNear = ray.o.z + ray.d.z * nearT;
		const Float zPosFar = ray.o.z + ray.d.z * farT;
		if (zPosNear >= 0 && zPosNear <= m_length && nearT >= mint) {
			return true;
		} else if (zPosFar >= 0 && zPosFar <= m_length && farT <= maxt) {
			return true;
		} else {
			return false;
		}
	}

	void fillIntersectionRecord(const Ray &ray,
			const void *temp, Intersection &its) const {
		its.p = ray(its.t);

		Point local = m_worldToObject(its.p);
		Float phi = std::atan2(local.y, local.x);
		if (phi < 0)
			phi += 2*M_PI;
		its.uv.x = phi / (2*M_PI);
		its.uv.y = local.z / m_length;

		Vector dpdu = Vector(-local.y, local.x, 0) * (2*M_PI);
		Vector dpdv = Vector(0, 0, m_length);
		its.shape = this;
		its.dpdu = m_objectToWorld(dpdu);
		its.dpdv = m_objectToWorld(dpdv);
		its.geoFrame.n = Normal(normalize(cross(its.dpdu, its.dpdv)));
		if (m_flipNormals)
			its.geoFrame.n *= -1;
		its.geoFrame.s = normalize(its.dpdu);
		its.geoFrame.t = normalize(its.dpdv);
		its.shFrame = its.geoFrame;
		its.wi = its.toLocal(-ray.d);
		its.hasUVPartials = false;
		its.instance = NULL;
		its.time = ray.time;
	}

	void samplePosition(PositionSamplingRecord &pRec, const Point2 &sample) const {
		Float sinTheta, cosTheta;
		math::sincos(sample.y * (2 * M_PI), &sinTheta, &cosTheta);

		Point p(cosTheta*m_radius, sinTheta*m_radius, sample.x * m_length);
		Normal n(cosTheta, sinTheta, 0.0f);

		if (m_flipNormals)
			n *= -1;

		pRec.p = m_objectToWorld(p);
		pRec.n = normalize(m_objectToWorld(n));
		pRec.pdf = m_invSurfaceArea;
		pRec.measure = EArea;
	}

	Float pdfPosition(const PositionSamplingRecord &pRec) const {
		return m_invSurfaceArea;
	}

	inline AABB getAABB() const {
		Vector x1 = m_objectToWorld(Vector(m_radius, 0, 0));
		Vector x2 = m_objectToWorld(Vector(0, m_radius, 0));
		Point p0 = m_objectToWorld(Point(0, 0, 0));
		Point p1 = m_objectToWorld(Point(0, 0, m_length));
		AABB result;

		/* To bound the cylinder, it is sufficient to find the
		   smallest box containing the two circles at the endpoints.
		   This can be done component-wise as follows */

		for (int i=0; i<3; ++i) {
			Float range = std::sqrt(x1[i]*x1[i] + x2[i]*x2[i]);

			result.min[i] = std::min(std::min(result.min[i],
						p0[i]-range), p1[i]-range);
			result.max[i] = std::max(std::max(result.max[i],
						p0[i]+range), p1[i]+range);
		}

		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Compute the ellipse created by the intersection of an infinite
	 * cylinder and a plane. Returns false in the degenerate case.
	 * Based on:
	 * www.geometrictools.com/Documentation/IntersectionCylinderPlane.pdf
	 */
	bool intersectCylPlane(Point planePt, Normal planeNrml,
			Point cylPt, Vector cylD, Float radius, Point &center,
			Vector *axes, Float *lengths) const {
		if (absDot(planeNrml, cylD) < Epsilon)
			return false;

		Vector B, A = cylD - dot(cylD, planeNrml)*planeNrml;

		Float length = A.length();
		if (length != 0) {
			A /= length;
			B = cross(planeNrml, A);
		} else {
			coordinateSystem(planeNrml, A, B);
		}

		Vector delta = planePt - cylPt,
			   deltaProj = delta - cylD*dot(delta, cylD);

		Float aDotD = dot(A, cylD);
		Float bDotD = dot(B, cylD);
		Float c0 = 1-aDotD*aDotD;
		Float c1 = 1-bDotD*bDotD;
		Float c2 = 2*dot(A, deltaProj);
		Float c3 = 2*dot(B, deltaProj);
		Float c4 = dot(delta, deltaProj) - radius*radius;

		Float lambda = (c2*c2/(4*c0) + c3*c3/(4*c1) - c4)/(c0*c1);

		Float alpha0 = -c2/(2*c0),
			  beta0 = -c3/(2*c1);

		lengths[0] = std::sqrt(c1*lambda),
		lengths[1] = std::sqrt(c0*lambda);

		center = planePt + alpha0 * A + beta0 * B;
		axes[0] = A;
		axes[1] = B;
		return true;
	}

	AABB intersectCylFace(int axis,
			const Point &min, const Point &max,
			const Point &cylPt, const Vector &cylD) const {
		int axis1 = (axis + 1) % 3;
		int axis2 = (axis + 2) % 3;

		Normal planeNrml(0.0f);
		planeNrml[axis] = 1;

		Point ellipseCenter;
		Vector ellipseAxes[2];
		Float ellipseLengths[2];

		AABB aabb;
		if (!intersectCylPlane(min, planeNrml, cylPt, cylD, m_radius,
			ellipseCenter, ellipseAxes, ellipseLengths)) {
			/* Degenerate case -- return an invalid AABB. This is
			   not a problem, since one of the other faces will provide
			   enough information to arrive at a correct clipped AABB */
			return aabb;
		}

		/* Intersect the ellipse against the sides of the AABB face */
		for (int i=0; i<4; ++i) {
			Point p1, p2;
			p1[axis] = p2[axis] = min[axis];
			p1[axis1] = ((i+1) & 2) ? min[axis1] : max[axis1];
			p1[axis2] = ((i+0) & 2) ? min[axis2] : max[axis2];
			p2[axis1] = ((i+2) & 2) ? min[axis1] : max[axis1];
			p2[axis2] = ((i+1) & 2) ? min[axis2] : max[axis2];

			Point2 p1l(
				dot(p1 - ellipseCenter, ellipseAxes[0]) / ellipseLengths[0],
				dot(p1 - ellipseCenter, ellipseAxes[1]) / ellipseLengths[1]);
			Point2 p2l(
				dot(p2 - ellipseCenter, ellipseAxes[0]) / ellipseLengths[0],
				dot(p2 - ellipseCenter, ellipseAxes[1]) / ellipseLengths[1]);

			Vector2 rel = p2l-p1l;
			Float A = dot(rel, rel);
			Float B = 2*dot(Vector2(p1l), rel);
			Float C = dot(Vector2(p1l), Vector2(p1l))-1;

			Float x0, x1;
			if (solveQuadratic(A, B, C, x0, x1)) {
				if (x0 >= 0 && x0 <= 1)
					aabb.expandBy(p1+(p2-p1)*x0);
				if (x1 >= 0 && x1 <= 1)
					aabb.expandBy(p1+(p2-p1)*x1);
			}
		}

		ellipseAxes[0] *= ellipseLengths[0];
		ellipseAxes[1] *= ellipseLengths[1];
		AABB faceBounds(min, max);

		/* Find the componentwise maxima of the ellipse */
		for (int i=0; i<2; ++i) {
			int j = (i==0) ? axis1 : axis2;
			Float alpha = ellipseAxes[0][j];
			Float beta = ellipseAxes[1][j];
			Float ratio = beta/alpha, tmp = std::sqrt(1+ratio*ratio);
			Float cosTheta = 1/tmp, sinTheta = ratio/tmp;
			Point p1 = ellipseCenter + cosTheta*ellipseAxes[0] + sinTheta*ellipseAxes[1];
			Point p2 = ellipseCenter - cosTheta*ellipseAxes[0] - sinTheta*ellipseAxes[1];

			if (faceBounds.contains(p1))
				aabb.expandBy(p1);
			if (faceBounds.contains(p2))
				aabb.expandBy(p2);
		}

		return aabb;
	}

	AABB getClippedAABB(const AABB &box) const {
		/* Compute a base bounding box */
		AABB base(getAABB());
		base.clip(box);

		Point cylPt = m_objectToWorld(Point(0, 0, 0));
		Vector cylD(m_objectToWorld(Vector(0, 0, 1)));

		/* Now forget about the cylinder ends and
		   intersect an infinite cylinder with each AABB face */
		AABB clippedAABB;
		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(0,
				Point(base.min.x, base.min.y, base.min.z),
				Point(base.min.x, base.max.y, base.max.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(0,
				Point(base.max.x, base.min.y, base.min.z),
				Point(base.max.x, base.max.y, base.max.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(1,
				Point(base.min.x, base.min.y, base.min.z),
				Point(base.max.x, base.min.y, base.max.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(1,
				Point(base.min.x, base.max.y, base.min.z),
				Point(base.max.x, base.max.y, base.max.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(2,
				Point(base.min.x, base.min.y, base.min.z),
				Point(base.max.x, base.max.y, base.min.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.expandBy(intersectCylFace(2,
				Point(base.min.x, base.min.y, base.max.z),
				Point(base.max.x, base.max.y, base.max.z),
				cylPt, cylD));

		clippedAABB.clip(box);
		return clippedAABB;
	}

	ref<TriMesh> createTriMesh() {
		/// Choice of discretization
		const size_t phiSteps = 20;
		const Float dPhi   = (2*M_PI) / phiSteps;

		ref<TriMesh> mesh = new TriMesh("Cylinder approximation",
			phiSteps*2, phiSteps*2, true, false, false);

		Point *vertices = mesh->getVertexPositions();
		Normal *normals = mesh->getVertexNormals();
		Triangle *triangles = mesh->getTriangles();
		size_t triangleIdx = 0, vertexIdx = 0;

		for (size_t phi=0; phi<phiSteps; ++phi) {
			Float sinPhi = std::sin(phi * dPhi);
			Float cosPhi = std::cos(phi * dPhi);
			uint32_t idx0 = (uint32_t) vertexIdx, idx1 = idx0+1;
			uint32_t idx2 = (vertexIdx+2) % (2*phiSteps), idx3 = idx2+1;
			normals[vertexIdx] = m_objectToWorld(Normal(cosPhi, sinPhi, 0) * (m_flipNormals ? (Float) -1 : (Float) 1));
			vertices[vertexIdx++] = m_objectToWorld(Point(cosPhi*m_radius, sinPhi*m_radius, 0));
			normals[vertexIdx] = m_objectToWorld(Normal(cosPhi, sinPhi, 0) * (m_flipNormals ? (Float) -1 : (Float) 1));
			vertices[vertexIdx++] = m_objectToWorld(Point(cosPhi*m_radius, sinPhi*m_radius, m_length));

			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[0] = idx0;
			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[1] = idx2;
			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[2] = idx1;
			triangleIdx++;
			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[0] = idx1;
			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[1] = idx2;
			triangles[triangleIdx].idx[2] = idx3;
			triangleIdx++;
		}

		mesh->copyAttachments(this);
		mesh->configure();

		return mesh.get();
	}

#if 0
	AABB getAABB() const {
		const Point a = m_objectToWorld(Point(0, 0, 0));
		const Point b = m_objectToWorld(Point(0, 0, m_length));

		const Float r = m_radius;
		AABB result;
		result.expandBy(a - Vector(r, r, r));
		result.expandBy(a + Vector(r, r, r));
		result.expandBy(b - Vector(r, r, r));
		result.expandBy(b + Vector(r, r, r));
		return result;
	}
#endif

	Float getSurfaceArea() const {
		return 2*M_PI*m_radius*m_length;
	}

	void getNormalDerivative(const Intersection &its,
			Vector &dndu, Vector &dndv, bool shadingFrame) const {
		dndu = its.dpdu / (m_radius * (m_flipNormals ? -1 : 1));
		dndv = Vector(0.0f);
	}

	size_t getPrimitiveCount() const {
		return 1;
	}

	size_t getEffectivePrimitiveCount() const {
		return 1;
	}

	std::string toString() const {
		std::ostringstream oss;
		oss << "Cylinder[" << endl
			<< "  radius = " << m_radius << "," << endl
			<< "  length = " << m_length << "," << endl
			<< "  objectToWorld = " << indent(m_objectToWorld.toString()) << "," << endl
			<< "  bsdf = " << indent(m_bsdf.toString()) << "," << endl;
		if (isMediumTransition())
			oss << "  interiorMedium = " << indent(m_interiorMedium.toString()) << "," << endl
				<< "  exteriorMedium = " << indent(m_exteriorMedium.toString()) << "," << endl;
		oss << "  emitter = " << indent(m_emitter.toString()) << "," << endl
			<< "  sensor = " << indent(m_sensor.toString()) << "," << endl
			<< "  subsurface = " << indent(m_subsurface.toString())
			<< "]";
		return oss.str();
	}

	MTS_DECLARE_CLASS()
};

MTS_IMPLEMENT_CLASS_S(Cylinder, false, Shape)
MTS_EXPORT_PLUGIN(Cylinder, "Cylinder intersection primitive");
MTS_NAMESPACE_END